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업비트
2017년 10월 두나무가 설립한 대한민국 크립토 거래소.
정식 서비스 시작일은 2017년 10월 24일로 알려져 있다.
업비트는 당시 비트렉스와의 제휴를 통해 100종이 넘는 크립토를 한 번에 거래할 수 있게 하면서 시장을 장악했다.
출시 초기 2개월 만에 가입자 수 120만 명, 동시접속자 30만 명, 일 최대 거래액 10조원 수준에 이르렀다.
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30jan26
a,b,c,d,e
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13jan26est
13jan26est
coindesk.com
cnbc.com
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Charles Hoskinson
Charles Hoskinson is an American mathematician and crypto entrepreneur best known as the founder of the Cardano blockchain and a co‑founder of Ethereum.coinmarketcap+1
Background
- Hoskinson is a Colorado‑based technology entrepreneur with a background in mathematics, having studied analytic number theory before moving into cryptography and blockchain.event.technologyreview+1
- He became involved with Bitcoin in the early 2010s, leaving a consulting job in 2013 to focus fully on cryptocurrencies and launch educational initiatives like the Bitcoin Education Project.wikipedia+2
Role in Ethereum
- Hoskinson was one of the original co‑founders of Ethereum and briefly served as its CEO in the project’s early days.bitstamp+2
- He left Ethereum in 2014 after strategic disagreements over whether Ethereum should be run as a for‑profit company or a nonprofit foundation.beincrypto+2
Cardano and IOHK
- After leaving Ethereum, he co‑founded IOHK (Input Output Hong Kong, now Input Output Global), a company focused on building cryptocurrencies and blockchain infrastructure for governments, enterprises, and academic partners.finst+2
- Hoskinson is the creator and key architect of Cardano, a proof‑of‑stake blockchain platform whose native cryptocurrency is ADA, designed with an emphasis on scalability, security, and peer‑reviewed research.coinmarketcap+3
Other Contributions
- He co‑founded several crypto projects and organizations, including Invictus Innovations and BitShares, an early decentralized exchange platform.bitstamp+2
- Hoskinson has been active in industry education, serving as founding chairman of the Bitcoin Foundation’s education committee and helping establish the Cryptocurrency Research Group in 2013.beincrypto+1
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hoskinson
- https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/people/charles-hoskinson
- https://www.bitstamp.net/en-gb/learn/people-profiles/charles-hoskinson/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_DZgdAUGXug
- https://beincrypto.com/learn/charles-hoskinson-guide/
- https://finst.com/en/learn/articles/who-is-charles-hoskinson
- https://event.technologyreview.com/emtech-mit-2021/speaker/297477/charles-hoskinson
- https://x.com/iohk_charles
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uDyayV-1O8
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/charleshoskinson
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Robinhood Markets Inc
Robinhood Markets, Inc. (often referred to as Robinhood) is an American financial services and financial-technology company best known for its commission‑free retail trading platform.ebsco+2
Basic company profile
- Public company headquartered in Menlo Park, California, in Silicon Valley.wikipedia+2
- Founded in April 2013 by Vladimir Tenev and Baiju Bhatt, who previously built trading infrastructure for financial institutions.quartr+3
- The company’s name and branding reflect a mission of “democratizing” access to financial markets for everyday investors, not just the wealthy.robinhood+4
Main products and services
- Operates a mobile‑first and web trading platform for stocks, exchange‑traded funds (ETFs), options, and certain other derivatives such as index options and futures.wikipedia+3
- Offers cryptocurrency trading and crypto wallets, along with features like fractional shares, margin/Gold subscription, and various cash and banking‑style services (e.g., debit/credit products via partner banks).ebsco+3
- Provides news and educational content under the Sherwood.News brand to support retail investors’ information needs.wikipedia+1
Business model and revenue
- Popularized zero‑commission trading in the U.S. retail market, pushing many incumbents to drop commissions as well.ark-invest+2
- Generates a significant share of revenue from “payment for order flow” (PFOF), in which market makers pay Robinhood for routing customer orders, as well as from securities lending, subscription (Robinhood Gold), and transaction‑based crypto and options income.investopedia+2
- Has grown to tens of millions of funded customer accounts and hundreds of billions of dollars in assets under custody globally.quartr+1
Customers and markets
- Core user base is relatively young; the platform has heavily targeted millennials and newer retail investors through its interface and branding.wikipedia+4
- Primary market is the United States, with expansion into the United Kingdom and limited crypto‑only access in parts of the European Union.robinhood+2
Position and impact
- Widely seen as a key driver of the retail trading boom of the late 2010s and early 2020s, especially around meme‑stock episodes like GameStop.ark-invest+3
- Praised for broadening access to investing, while also facing regulatory and public scrutiny over issues like PFOF conflicts, trading outages, and risk‑taking by inexperienced users.investopedia+3
- https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/technology/robinhood
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinhood_Markets
- https://robinhood.com/us/en/about-us/
- https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/HOOD/profile/
- https://quartr.com/insights/company-research/robinhood-revolutionizing-retail-investing
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinhood_(company)
- https://www.ark-invest.com/articles/analyst-research/robinhood-first-financial-institution-built-for-internet-generation
- https://robinhood.com
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/active-trading/020515/how-robinhood-makes-money.asp
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PayPal
PayPal is a large fintech company that provides a global digital payments platform used by individuals and businesses to send, receive, and manage money online and via mobile.paypal+1
What PayPal is
- PayPal is an American digital payments company that lets users pay online, transfer money, and accept payments without sharing card or bank details directly with the other party.britannica+1
- It operates as a digital wallet and payment processor in over 200 markets, supporting more than 100 currencies for online commerce and person‑to‑person transfers.capterra+1
How PayPal works
- Users create an account and link funding sources such as bank accounts, credit or debit cards, or a PayPal balance, then choose PayPal at checkout or when sending money.paypal+1
- PayPal sits between buyer and seller, authorizing and processing the transaction, using encryption, fraud detection, and buyer/seller protection programs to reduce risk.miracuves+1
Main services and products
- Core offerings include PayPal checkout for online stores, peer‑to‑peer transfers, invoicing, subscriptions, “Pay in 4”/buy‑now‑pay‑later, business tools, and point‑of‑sale via PayPal Zettle.about.pypl+2
- The company also operates brands and services such as Venmo, Xoom, Braintree, PayPal Credit, and crypto buying/holding features in selected markets.bstrategyhub+2
Business model and revenue
- PayPal primarily earns revenue from transaction fees paid by merchants and some consumer transactions, including online payments, cross‑border transfers, currency conversion, and instant withdrawals.dcfmodeling+2
- Additional income comes from value‑added services such as gateway fees, referral and partnership revenue, interest and fees on credit products, and other financial services.ebsco+2
History and company background
- PayPal began in 1998 as Confinity in Palo Alto, founded by Max Levchin and Peter Thiel, later merging with Elon Musk’s X.com and focusing on email‑based money transfers.historytools+1
- It became the main payment method on eBay, was acquired by eBay in 2002, then was spun off as an independent public company in 2015 and now trades on NASDAQ under the ticker PYPL.thestreet+2
- https://www.paypal.com/us/digital-wallet/how-paypal-works
- https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/business-and-management/paypal
- https://www.britannica.com/money/PayPal
- https://www.capterra.com/resources/what-is-paypal/
- https://miracuves.com/blog/what-is-paypal-and-how-does-it-work/
- https://about.pypl.com/our-impact/customers/default.aspx
- https://bstrategyhub.com/deconstructing-paypals-business-model/
- https://www.paypal.com/lt/business/platforms-and-marketplaces
- https://dcfmodeling.com/blogs/history/pypl-history-mission-ownership
- https://www.historytools.org/companies/paypal-history
- https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-paypal-15062744
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal
- https://about.pypl.com/who-we-are/history-and-facts/default.aspx
- https://www.paypal.com
- https://www.paypal.com/us/brc/article/benefits-of-subscription-business-model
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Changpeng Zhao
Changpeng Zhao, often known as CZ, is a Chinese-Canadian entrepreneur best known as the co‑founder and former CEO of Binance, one of the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchanges. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the global crypto industry, both for Binance’s rapid growth and for his personal advocacy of cryptocurrencies.wikipedia+2Early life and background
Zhao was born in 1977 in Lianyungang, Jiangsu province, China, and emigrated with his family to Canada as a teenager, later becoming a Canadian citizen.wikipediaHe studied computer science at McGill University in Montreal, which laid the technical foundation for his later work in financial and trading systems.trainy+1
After university he worked on trading software for financial firms, including roles at the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Bloomberg Tradebook, focusing on high‑performance trading systems.kanga+1He later co‑founded Fusion Systems in Shanghai, building high‑frequency trading platforms, and joined the crypto industry in 2013 with roles at Blockchain.info and as CTO of OKCoin.trainy+1
In 2017, Zhao founded Binance, which quickly grew into one of the largest global cryptocurrency exchanges by trading volume, helped by fast execution, low fees, and a wide range of listed tokens.kanga+1Binance expanded into multiple services, including derivatives, staking, and a blockchain ecosystem (BNB Chain), making Zhao one of the wealthiest people in crypto, with Forbes estimating his net worth in the billions during the 2017–2021 boom.forbes+2
In November 2023, Zhao resigned as Binance CEO after U.S. authorities charged him with violations including the Bank Secrecy Act, tied to anti‑money‑laundering and sanctions‑evasion failures at Binance.bbc+1He pleaded guilty and in April 2024 was sentenced in U.S. federal court to four months in prison; he served his sentence and was released in September 2024.bbc+1
In October 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump granted Zhao a presidential pardon, removing the federal criminal consequences of his conviction and sparking debate about the administration’s stance on crypto and conflicts of interest.finance.yahoo+2Despite stepping down from executive leadership, Zhao remains a prominent figure in the digital asset space and continues to be associated publicly with Binance and broader crypto initiatives.wikipedia+1
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changpeng_Zhaohttps://www.forbes.com/profile/changpeng-zhao/https://www.trainy.co/en/blog/Changpeng-Zhao-biographyhttps://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly1qrl9l1qohttps://ae.linkedin.com/in/cpzhaohttps://kanga.exchange/university/en/courses/beginner-course/lessons/72-who-is-changpeng-zhao-ceo-of-binance/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEVaUirbdXchttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/24/is-trumps-pardon-of-binance-boss-changpeng-zhao-a-conflict-of-interesthttps://finance.yahoo.com/news/trump-pardoned-ross-ulbricht-changpeng-193113524.htmlhttps://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/23/trump-pardons-binance-founder-cz-zhao.html
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Binance
Binance is a cryptocurrency exchange and blockchain ecosystem that offers trading and various crypto-related financial services. It is widely regarded as the largest crypto exchange in the world by trading volume and user count.wikipedia+1
Basic overview
- Binance was founded in 2017 by Changpeng Zhao (“CZ”) and quickly grew into the top global crypto exchange by daily trading volume.wikipedia
- It allows users to buy, sell, and trade hundreds of cryptocurrencies across spot, margin, and derivatives markets.binance+1
- The platform serves users in over 180 countries and supports 500+ cryptocurrencies and more than 1,500 trading pairs.coinmarketcap+1
Main products and services
- Spot and margin trading: Standard crypto trading pairs (e.g., BTC/USDT, ETH/USDT) with low base fees around 0.1% and optional margin leverage.coinspeaker+2
- Derivatives (futures & options): Perpetual and delivery futures plus options with leverage up to around 150x on major pairs.binance+2
- P2P trading: Peer‑to‑peer marketplace to buy and sell crypto directly with local payment methods and fiat currencies.coinspeaker+1
- Earn/DeFi products: Savings, staking, liquidity farming, dual investments, and other yield products for passive income on crypto holdings.binance+2
BNB and BNB Chain
- Binance has a native token called BNB, originally an ERC‑20 token and now the main asset of the BNB Chain (Binance’s own blockchain network).simplilearn+1
- BNB is used to pay trading fees at a discount, participate in token sales, and access DeFi, dApps, and other services in the BNB Chain ecosystem.calebandbrown+1
- BNB uses an auto‑burn mechanism that periodically reduces its supply until it reaches 100 million BNB.calebandbrown
Ecosystem beyond the exchange
- Binance has expanded into a broader ecosystem: wallet services, Binance Pay (crypto payments), educational content via Binance Academy, research reports, and launch platforms for new tokens.binance+2
- There is also a separate platform branded for the U.S. market (Binance.US), which is tailored to U.S. regulations and offers trading and staking for selected assets.binance
If you share how you plan to use Binance (trading, staking, P2P, etc.), a more tailored explanation or risk-focused checklist can be provided.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binance
- https://www.binance.com/en
- https://www.binance.com/en/about
- https://www.bso.co/glossary/what-is-binance
- https://www.simplilearn.com/tutorials/blockchain-tutorial/what-is-binance
- https://www.coinspeaker.com/reviews/binance-review/
- https://coinmarketcap.com/exchanges/binance/
- https://calebandbrown.com/blog/what-is-bnb/
- https://www.binance.us
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjaFZQY0ykk
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mutual fund
A mutual fund is an investment vehicle that pools money from many investors and invests that combined money in a portfolio of assets such as stocks, bonds, or money-market instruments.wikipedia+1
Basic idea
- A mutual fund collects money from numerous investors and uses it to buy a diversified basket of securities that matches the fund’s stated objective, such as growth, income, or capital preservation.finra+1
- Each investor receives shares or units of the fund, representing proportional ownership of the underlying portfolio and a claim on its profits and losses.investor+1
How it works
- The fund is managed by a professional portfolio manager (or team) who selects and monitors the securities in line with the fund’s strategy and risk profile.schwab+1
- The value of each share is called the net asset value (NAV), calculated as the total value of the fund’s assets minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding; investors buy and redeem shares at (or based on) this NAV, typically once per business day.bajajfinserv+1
Types of mutual funds
- Equity funds mainly invest in stocks and aim for capital growth, usually with higher risk and volatility than bond or money-market funds.investor.vanguard+1
- Bond (fixed-income) funds invest in government or corporate bonds, focusing more on regular interest income and typically lower volatility than pure equity funds.td+1
- Money-market funds invest in very short-term, high-quality instruments like Treasury bills and certificates of deposit, targeting capital stability and modest income.schwab+1
Advantages
- Professional management allows small investors to benefit from research and active portfolio oversight without needing to select individual securities themselves.ameriprise+1
- Diversification reduces exposure to any single issuer because the fund holds many different securities across sectors, issuers, or asset classes.wikipedia+1
- Convenience and liquidity: most mutual funds allow investors to buy or redeem shares on any business day, and provide standardized reports that make comparison easier.fidelity+1
Risks and costs
- Market risk: the value of mutual fund shares can fall if the prices of the underlying securities decline, and there is no guarantee against loss of principal.finra+1
- Fees and expenses: investors typically pay ongoing expense ratios and sometimes sales charges (loads), which reduce net returns; understanding these costs is essential before investing.investor+1
If you share your risk tolerance, time horizon, and whether you prefer active or passive strategies, a more tailored explanation of which types of mutual funds might fit you can be provided.
- https://www.schwab.com/mutual-funds/understand-mutual-funds
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund
- https://www.finra.org/investors/investing/investment-products/mutual-funds
- https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/investment-products/mutual-funds-and-exchange-traded-funds-etfs/mutual-funds
- https://www.td.com/ca/en/personal-banking/personal-investing/learn/what-is-mutual-fund
- https://investor.vanguard.com/investor-resources-education/mutual-funds/what-is-a-mutual-fund
- https://www.bajajfinserv.in/investments/what-is-a-mutual-fund
- https://www.ameriprise.com/financial-goals-priorities/investing/what-are-mutual-funds
- https://www.fidelity.com/learning-center/investment-products/mutual-funds/what-are-mutual-funds
- https://www.merrilledge.com/investor-education/understanding-mutual-funds
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Circle Internet Group INC.
NYSE
Ownership
Mutual Funds & ETFs : 8.09%
Other Institutional Investors : 72.05%
Public Companies & Retail Investors : 19.86%
Top Mutual Fund Holders
ARK ETF Trust- ARK Innovation ETf : 1.06%
Vanguard Index Funds – Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund ETF Shares (VTI) : 0.71%
Founder
Jeremy Allaire and Sean Neville in October 2013 in Boston, Massachusetts.
Headquarter